Third-party studies

Mips was born out of science and is still influenced by science on a daily basis. We rely on scientific data to confirm one of our guiding principles, namely that rotational movement is a major factor in head injuries.

For more information on the relationship between rotational movement and traumatic brain injury, see the following third-party studies:

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References:

Amoros E, M. Chiron, J.-L. Martin, B. Thélot, and B. Laumon, “Bicycle Helmet Wearing and the Risk of Head, Face, and Neck Injury: a French Case–Control Study Based on a Road Trauma Registry,” Inj. Prev., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 27–32, 2012.

Bourdet N, C. Deck, R. P. Carreira, and R. Willinger, “Head Impact Conditions in the Case of Cyclist Falls,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P J. Sport. Eng. Technol., vol. 226, no. 3–4, pp. 282–289, Apr. 2012.

Bourdet N., Deck C., Serre T., Perrin C., Llari M., Willinger R., “In depth real world bicycle accident reconstructions, International Journal of Crashworthiness”, 2013, DOI :10.1080/13588265.2013.805293

Deck C, D. Baumgartner, and R. Willinger, “Influence of rotational acceleration on intra-cranial mechanical parameters under accidental circumstances,” in Proceeding of IRCOBI Conference, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 2007.

C. Deck, N. Bourdet, A. Calleguo, P.R. Carreira, and R. Willinger, “Proposal of an improved bicycle helmet standard,” International Crashworthiness Conference Proceed-ings, Milan, Italy, 2012.

DiMasi, F. P., Eppinger R. H. and Bandak F. A. (1995), “Computational Analysis of Head Impact Response Under Car Crash Loadings”, 39th Stapp car crash conference, Society of Automotive Engineering, SAE Paper No.952718, pp.425-438.

Gennarelli, T. A. and L. E. Thibault (1982). “Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma.” The Journal of Trauma 22(8): 680-686.

Gennarelli Thomas A., Lawrence E. Thibault, ScD, J. Hume Adams, MB, PhD, FRCPath, David I. Graham, MB, PhD, MRCPath, Carson J. Thompson, MD, and Robert P. Marcincin, MD. “Diffuse Axonal Injury and Traumatic Coma in the Primate.” Annals of Neurology Vol 12 No 6 December. 1982.

Gennarelli, T.A., Thibault, L.E., Tomei, G., Wiser, R., Graham, D. & Adams, J., 1987. “Directional dependence of axonal brain injury due to centroidal and non-centroidal acceleration.” In: Proceedings of the 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 49.53. SAE Paper No. 872197.

Halldin P, Deck C, Willinger R. Proposal of a new Bicycle Helmet Test Method. Proceedings, International Cycling Safety Conference 2015, 15-16 September 2015, Hanover, Germany

Holbourn A H S, “Mechanics of head injuries,” The Lancet, vol. 242, no. 6267, pp. 438-441, 1943

Holbourn A H S, “The mechanics of brain injuries,” British medical bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 147-149, 1945.

Kleiven S, “Evaluation of head injury criteria using a finite element model validated against experiments on localized brain motion, intracerebral acceleration, and intracranial pressure,” Int. J. Crashworthiness, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65–79, Jan. 2006.

Löwenhielm, P. (1974). “Dynamic properties of the parasagittal bridging beins.” Z. Rechtsmedizin 74(1): 55-62.

Margulies S. S. and Thibault L. E. (1992), “A proposed Tolerance Criterion for Diffuse Axonal Injuries in Man”, J. Biomechanics, 1992, 32: 917-923.

McElhaney J, V. Roberts, and J. Hilyard, “Properties of human tissues and components: nervous tissues,” Handbook of human tolerance, vol. 143, 1976.

MCINTOSH A S, ADRIAN LAI and EDGAR SCHILTER. “Bicycle Helmets: Head Impact Dynamics in Helmeted and Unhelmeted Oblique Impact Tests”. Traffic Injury Prevention (2013) 14, 501–508. 2013.

McIntosh AS, Andersen TE, Bahr R, Greenwald R, Turner M, Varese M, McCrory P. “Sports helmets now and in the future.” Br J Sports Med 2011;45:1258-1265, 2013.

Ommaya, A. K., Yarnell, P., Hirsch, A. E. and Harris A. E., (1967), “Scaling of Experimental Data on Cerebral Concussion in Subhuman Primates to Concussion Threshold for Man”, 11th Stapp Car Crash Conf., SAE Paper No. 670906. Society of Automotive Engineers 73-80.

Ommaya, A. and A. Hirsch (1971). “Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates.” Journal of Biomechanics 4(1): 13-21

Ommaya A and Gennarelli T A. CEREBRAL CONCUSSION AND TRAUMATIC UNCONSCIOUSNESS CORRELATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON BLUNT HEAD INJURIES. Brain (1974) 97, 633-654. 1974

Otte, D., Wiese, B., 2014. Influences on the Risk of Injury of Bicyclists’ Heads and Benefits of Bicycle Helmets in Terms of Injury Avoidance and Reduction of Injury Severity. SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety 2, 257–267.

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